![]() ![]() Stress-induced activation of the HPA axis is associated with release of hypothalamic CRH and vasopressin (AVP), the principal regulators of anterior pituitary corticotropin (ACTH) secretion, into the hypophyseal portal system. Their central components are, respectively, located in the hypothalamus and the brain stem. The two major peripheral limbs of the stress system are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system ( 1, 2). Inappropriate or inappropriately excessive and chronic hyperactivation of the stress system may lead to disease and, eventually, premature death. A qualitatively and quantitatively appropriate and time-limited stress response is a prerequisite for a healthy life. This coordinated response, the stress response, involves the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. To accomplish this, all living beings have developed an efficient but complex adaptive response system that allows the integration of the necessary defense mechanisms directed against both external and internal stressors. The maintenance of life depends on the capacity of the body to sustain its steady state or homeostasis hence, the survival of the organism relies on its ability to react and adapt to the constant bombardment by physical and emotional threats or stressors ( 1, 2).
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